Area 3 – Social/Behavioral/Administrative Sciences (22%)
3F
Biostatistics and Research Design
Types
of Clinical study designs
The
following list describes each type of clinical study design and cites
an example.
1. Meta-Analysis-
A
way of combining data from many different research studies. A
meta-analysis is a statistical process that combines the findings
from individual studies.
Example:
Anxiety
outcomes after physical activity interventions: meta-analysis finding.
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| Types of clinical Study designs |
2. Systematic
Review-A
summary of the clinical literature. A systematic review is a critical
assessment and evaluation of all research studies that address a
particular clinical issue. The researchers use an organized method of
locating, assembling, and evaluating a body of literature on a
particular topic using a set of specific criteria. A systematic
review typically includes a description of the findings of the
collection of research studies. The systematic review may also
include a quantitative pooling of data, called a meta-analysis.
Example:Complementary
and alternative medicine use among women with breast cancer: a
systematic review.
3.Randomized
Controlled Trial -A
controlled clinical trial that randomly (by chance) assigns
participants to two or more groups. There are various methods to
randomize study participants to their groups.
Example:Meditation
or exercise for preventing acute respiratory infection: a randomized
controlled trial.
4. Cohort
Study (Prospective Observational Study) -A
clinical research study in which people who presently have a certain
condition or receive a particular treatment are followed over time
and compared with another group of people who are not affected by the
condition.
Example: Smokeless
tobacco cessation in South Asian communities: a multi-centre
prospective cohort study
5. Comparative
Study-
Comparison of outcomes, results, responses, etc. for different
techniques, therapeutic approaches or other inputs.
Example:
Impact
of emerging health insurance arrangements on diabetes outcomes and
disparities: rationale and study design.
6. Case-control
Study -Case-control
studies begin with the outcomes and do not follow people over time.
Researchers choose people with a particular result (the cases) and
interview the groups or check their records to ascertain what
different experiences they had. They compare the odds of having an
experience with the outcome to the odds of having an experience
without the outcome.
Example:Non-use
of bicycle helmets and risk of fatal head injury: a proportional
mortality, case-control study
7. Cross-sectional
study -The
observation of a defined population at a single point in time or time
interval. Exposure and outcome are determined simultaneously.
Example: Fasting
might not be necessary before lipid screening: a nationally
representative cross-
sectional
study
8. Case
Reports and Series -A
report on a series of patients with an outcome of interest. No
control group is involved.
Example: Students
mentoring students in a service-learning clinical supervision
experience: an educational case report.
9. Ideas,
Editorials, Opinions - Put
forth by experts in the field.
Example: Health
and health care for the 21st century: for all the people.
10. Animal
Research Studies -Studies
conducted using animal subjects.
Example: Intranasal
leptin reduces appetite and induces weight loss in rats with
diet-induced obesity (DIO).
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