tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58067707311150231592024-03-14T01:38:50.958-07:00FPGEETutor.com : FPGEE Exams, Practice Tests, Flashcards, Study MaterialThe FPGEETutor.com is a comprehensive assessments portal designed to measure the critical knowledge and understanding obtained by pharmacy graduates taking FPGEE®.FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.comBlogger27125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-56314354738090372382015-09-11T22:24:00.000-07:002015-09-11T22:24:22.078-07:00Vitamin-B 12 (Cyanocobalamin)-An Update<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Vitamin-B 12 (Cyanocobalamin)-An Update</b></div>
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Cyanocobalamin (B12) is a cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.</div>
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Vitamin B12 may be found in liver, kidney, fish, and fortified milk and helps convert folic acid i<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">nto its active form. Vitamin B12 is essential to synthesize DNA and promotes cellular division and is required for hematopoiesis (development of red blood cells in bone marrow) and to maintain the integrity of the nervous system. </span></div>
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<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the intestine with the aid of an intrinsic factor produced by gastric parietal cells. Once absorbed, vitamin B12 binds to the transcobalamin II protein and is then transferred to tissues. Vitamin B12 is stored in the liver for up to three years during which time it is slowly excreted in urine. </span></div>
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<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in patients who are strict vegetarians and in patients who have malaborption syndromes (cancer, celiac disease), gastrectomy, Crohn’s disease, and liver and kidney diseases. Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalmin) administered both orally and parenterally is equally effective in treating anemia from vitamin B12 deficiency. </span></div>
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<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">However, use of parenteral cyanacobalamin is the most common method of vitamin B12 replacement because it may be more reliable and practical. Subcutaneous or intramuscular administration is appropriate. Vitamin B12 is absorbed completely following parenteral administration, whereas oral vitamin B12 is absorbed poorly via the GI tract. </span></div>
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<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">Furthermore, use of parenteral vitamin B12 to treat megaloblastic anemia may circumvent the need to perform a Schilling test to diagnose lack of intrinsic factor. A typical cyanocobalmin dosing regimen is 800 to 1000 mcg/day for 1 to 2 weeks, followed by 100 to 1000 mcg/day every week until the Hgb/Hct normalizes and maintenance of 100 to 1000 mcg monthly for life. However, a number of dosing regimens exist. In addition, a number of oral vitamin B12 preparations are available, including many over-the-counter formulations. </span></div>
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<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">A common oral dosing regimen is from 1000 to 2000 mcg/day. If parenteral cyanocobalmin is used initially, oral vitamin B12 can be useful as maintenance therapy. Typically, the response to therapy is quick. Neurologic symptoms and megaloblastic cells disappear within a few days, and hemoglobin levels increase after a week of therapy.Vitamin B12 generally is well tolerated and exhibits minimal adverse effects. Injection-site pain, pruritus, rash, and diarrhea have been reported. Drug interactions have been observed with omeprazole and ascorbic acid that decrease oral absorption.</span></div>
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FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-13530597307303565052015-04-07T03:33:00.003-07:002015-04-07T03:39:10.342-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="srtitle"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #c55a11; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #C55A11; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent2; mso-themecolor: accent2; mso-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span class="srtitle"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Recombinant DNA technology</span></b></span><b style="outline: 0px;"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">,</span></b><span style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">joining
together of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ref964486" name="ref964486" style="outline: none !important;"></a><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">DNA</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">molecules from two different<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">species</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">that are inserted into a host organism to
produce new genetic combinations that are of value to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">science</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">medicine</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">, agriculture, and industry. Since the focus of
all<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">genetics</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">is the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">gene</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">, the fundamental goal of laboratory
geneticists is to isolate, characterize, and manipulate genes. Although it is
relatively easy to isolate a sample of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">DNA</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">from a collection of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">cell</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">s, finding a specific gene within this DNA
sample can be compared to finding a needle in a haystack. Consider the fact
that each human cell contains approximately 2 metres (6 feet) of DNA. Therefore,
a small tissue sample will contain many kilometres of DNA. However, recombinant
DNA technology has made it possible to isolate one gene or any other segment of
DNA, enabling researchers to determine its<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">nucleotide</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">sequence, study its transcripts, mutate it in
highly specific ways, and reinsert the modified sequence into a living organism.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>DNA Cloning</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #444444;">In<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">biology</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">clone</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is
a group of individual cells or organisms descended from one progenitor. This
means that the members of a clone are genetically identical, because cell
replication produces identical daughter cells each time. The use of the word<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em style="outline: 0px;">clone</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>has
been extended to recombinant DNA technology, which has provided scientists with
the ability to produce many copies of a single fragment of DNA, such as a gene,
creating identical copies that constitute a DNA clone. In practice the
procedure is carried out by inserting a DNA fragment into a small DNA molecule
and then allowing this molecule to replicate inside a simple living cell such
as a bacterium. The small replicating molecule is called a DNA<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ref964476" name="ref964476" style="outline: none !important;"></a>vector (carrier). The most commonly used
vectors are<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ref964477" name="ref964477" style="outline: none !important;"></a><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">plasmid</span>s
(circular DNA molecules that originated from <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">bacteria</span>),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">virus</span>es, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">yeast</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>cells. Plasmids are not a part of the
main cellular genome, but they can carry genes that provide the host cell with
useful properties, such as drug resistance, mating ability, and toxin
production. They are small enough to be conveniently manipulated
experimentally, and, furthermore, they will carry extra DNA that is spliced
into them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><b>Creating the clone</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">The
steps in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">cloning</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;">are as follows. DNA is extracted from
the organism under study and is cut into small fragments of a size suitable for
cloning. Most often this is achieved by cleaving the DNA with a</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ref964478" name="ref964478" style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; outline: none !important;"></a><span style="background-color: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">restriction enzyme</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;">.
Restriction enzymes are extracted from several different species and strains of
bacteria, in which they act as defense mechanisms against viruses. They can be
thought of as “molecular scissors,” cutting the DNA at specific target
sequences. The most useful restriction enzymes make staggered cuts; that is,
they leave a single-stranded overhang at the site of cleavage. These overhangs
are very useful in cloning because the nucleotides</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;"> will pair with other
overhangs made using the same restriction enzyme. So, if the donor DNA and the
vector DNA are both cut with the same enzyme, there is a strong possibility
that the donor fragments and the cut vector will splice together because of the
complementary overhangs. The resulting molecule is called recombinant DNA. It
is recombinant in the sense that it is composed of DNA from two different
sources. Thus, it is a type of DNA that would be impossible naturally and is an
artifact created by DNA technology.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><b>Isolating the clone</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">In
general, cloning is undertaken in order to obtain the clone of one particular
gene or DNA sequence of interest. The next step after cloning, therefore, is to
find and isolate that clone among other members of the library. If the library
encompasses the whole genome of an organism, then somewhere within that library
will be the desired clone. There are several ways of finding it, depending on
the specific gene concerned. Most commonly, a cloned DNA segment that shows
homology to the sought gene is used as a probe. For example, if a mouse gene
has already been cloned, then that clone can be used to find the equivalent
human clone from a human genomic library. Bacterial colonies constituting a
library are grown in a collection of Petri dishes. Then a porous membrane is
laid over the surface of each plate, and cells adhere to the membrane. The
cells are ruptured, and DNA is separated into single strands—all on the
membrane. The probe is also separated into single strands and labeled, often
with radioactive<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">phosphorus</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">. A solution of the radioactive probe is
then used to bathe the membrane. The single-stranded probe DNA will adhere only
to the DNA of the clone that contains the equivalent gene. The membrane is
dried and placed against a sheet of radiation-sensitive film, and somewhere on
the films a black spot will appear, announcing the presence and location of the
desired clone. The clone can then be retrieved from the original Petri dishes.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><b>DNA sequencing</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;">Once a segment of</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">DNA</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;">has been cloned, its</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ref964498" name="ref964498" style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; outline: none !important;"></a><span style="background-color: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">nucleotide</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;">sequence can be determined. The
nucleotide sequence is the most fundamental level of knowledge of a</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">gene</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;">or genome. It is the blueprint that
contains the instructions for building an organism, and no understanding of
genetic function or</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">evolution</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;">could
be complete without obtaining this information.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><b>Uses</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">Knowledge of the sequence of a DNA
segment has many uses, and some examples follow. First, it can be used to find
genes, segments of DNA that code for a specific protein or</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">phenotype</span><span style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">. If a
region of DNA has been sequenced, it can be screened for characteristic
features of genes. For example, open reading frames (ORFs)—long sequences that
begin with a start codon (three adjacent nucleotides; the sequence of a codon
dictates amino acid production) and are uninterrupted by stop codons (except
for one at their termination)—suggest a</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">protein</span><span style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">-coding region. Also, human genes are
generally adjacent to so-called CpG islands—clusters of</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">cytosine</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">and </span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">guanine</span><span style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">, two of
the nucleotides that make up DNA. If a gene with a known phenotype (such as a
disease gene in humans) is known to be in the chromosomal region sequenced,
then unassigned genes in the region will become candidates for that function.
Second, homologous DNA sequences of different organisms can be compared in
order to plot evolutionary relationships both within and between species.
Third, a gene sequence can be screened for functional regions. In order to
determine the function of a gene, various domains can be identified that are
common to proteins of similar function. For example, certain</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">amino acid</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">sequences within a gene are always
found in proteins that span a cell membrane; such amino acid stretches are
called transmembrane domains. If a transmembrane domain is found in a gene of
unknown function, it suggests that the encoded protein is located in the
cellular membrane. Other domains characterize DNA-binding proteins. Several
public databases of DNA sequences are available for analysis by any interested
individual.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span>
<b style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Methods</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">The two basic sequencing approaches are
the Maxam-Gilbert method, discovered by and named for American molecular
biologists Allan M. Maxam and</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Walter Gilbert</span><span style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">, and the Sanger method, discovered by
English biochemist</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 150%; outline-color: initial !important; outline-width: initial !important;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ref964499" name="ref964499" style="outline: none !important;"></a></span><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Frederick Sanger</span><span style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">. In the most commonly used method,
the Sanger method, DNA chains are synthesized on a template strand, but chain
growth is stopped when one of four possible dideoxy nucleotides, which lack a
3′ hydroxyl group, is incorporated, thereby preventing the addition of another
nucleotide. A population of nested, truncated DNA molecules results that
represents each of the sites of that particular nucleotide in the template DNA.
These molecules are separated in a procedure called</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">electrophoresis</span><span style="color: #444444; line-height: 150%;">,
and the inferred nucleotide sequence is deduced using a computer.</span></span></div>
</div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-3647840164251739312015-03-08T00:42:00.001-08:002015-03-08T00:42:38.449-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Absorption
of Drugs<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #674ea7;"> And <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">General
definitions in Pharmacology</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">I.
GENERAL DEFINITIONS </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Pharmacology is the study of the
interaction of chemicals with living systems.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Drugs are chemicals that act on living
systems at the chemical (molecular) level.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Medical pharmacology is the study of drugs
used for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Toxicology is the study of the untoward
effects of chemical agents on living systems. It is usually considered an area
of pharmacology</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Pharmacodynamic properties of a drug describe
the action of the drug on the body, including receptor interactions,
dose-response phenomena, and mechanisms of therapeutic and toxic action.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Pharmacokinetic properties describe the
action of the body on the drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism,
and excretion. Elimination of a drug may be achieved by metabolism or by
excretion.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ol-Ogp_syXI/VPwKRy68e3I/AAAAAAAAAGw/cW4CgQVmzC4/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ol-Ogp_syXI/VPwKRy68e3I/AAAAAAAAAGw/cW4CgQVmzC4/s1600/download.jpg" height="400" width="388" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">THE
NATURE OF DRUGS</span><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #674ea7;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Size.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
The great majority of drugs lie in the range from molecular weight 100 to
1,000. Drugs in this range are large enough to allow selectivity of action and
small enough to allow adequate movement within the various compartments in the
body.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <b>Chemistry
and reactivity.</b> Drugs may be small, simple molecules (amino acids, simple
amines, organic acids, alcohols, esters, ions, etc.), carbohydrates, lipids, or
even proteins. Binding of drugs to their receptors. the specific molecules in a
biologic system that mediate drug effects, is usually by noncovalent bonds
(hydrogen bonds, van de Waals attractions, and ionic bonds), and less commonly
by covalent bonds. Weaker, noncovalent bonds require a better fit of the drug
to the receptor binding site and, usually, a reversible type of action. Very
strong bonding, eg, covalent bonds, usually involves less selectivity and an
irreversible interaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Shape.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
The overall shape of a drug molecule is important for the fit of the drug to
its receptor. Between a quarter and a half of all drugs in use exist as
stereoisomers. In most cases the stereoisomers are chiral enantiomers.
Enantiomers are mirrored image twin molecules that result from the presence of
an asymmetric carbon, or in a few cases, other asymmetric atoms in their
structures. Chiral enantiomers often differ in their ability to bind to and
alter the function of receptors. They also can differ in their rates of
elimination and in their toxicity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">PHARMACOKINETIC</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #674ea7;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pharmacokinetics
concerns the effects of the body on the administered drug. It can be pictured
as the processes of absorption, distribution, and elimination. Elimination
includes both metabolism and excretion. All of these processes involve movement
of drug molecules through various body compartments and across the barriers
separating those compartments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b> A. Absorption of Drugs.</b> Drugs usually enter
the body at sites remote from the target tissue and are carried by the
circulation to the intended site of action. Before a drug can enter the bloodstream,
it must be absorbed from its site of administration. The rate and efficiency of
absorption differs depending on the route of administration. Common routes of
administration of drugs and some of their features include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Oral
(swallowed).</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Maximum convenience but may be slower
and less complete than parenteral (non-oral) routes. Dissolution of solid
formulations (eg, tablets) must occur first. The drug must survive exposure to
stomach acid. This route of administration is subject to the first pass effect
(metabolism of a significant amount of drug in the gut wall and the liver,
before it reaches the systemic circulation).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sublingual
(under the tongue).</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Permits direct absorption into the systemic
venous circulation thus avoiding the first pass effect. May be fast or slow
depending on the physical formulation of the product. Nitroglycerin is
administered by this route in the treatment of angina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Rectal
(suppository).</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Same advantage as sublingual route;
larger amounts are feasible. Useful for patients who cannot take oral
medications (eg, because of nausea and vomiting).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Intramuscular</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">.
Absorption is sometimes faster and more complete than after oral
administration. Large volumes (eg, 5 - 10 mL) may be given. Requires an
injection. Generally more painful than subcutaneous injection. Vaccines are
usually administered by this route.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Subcutaneous.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
Slower absorption than intramuscular. Large volumes are not feasible. Requires
an injection. Insulin is administered by this route.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Inhalation.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
For respiratory diseases, this route deposits drug close to the target organ;
when used for systemic administration (e.g., nicotine Susan Masters, PhD 63 in
cigarettes, inhaled general anesthetics) it provides rapid absorption because
of the large surface area available in the lungs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Topical.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
Application to the skin or mucous membrane of the nose, throat, airway, or
vagina for a local effect. It is important to note that topical drug
administration can result in significant absorption of drug into the systemic
circulation. Drugs used to treat asthma are usually administered this way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Transdermal.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
application to the skin for systemic effect. Transdermal preparations generally
are patches that stick to the skin and are worn for a number of hours or even
days. To be effective by the transdermal route, drugs need to be quite
lipophilic. Nicotine is available as a transdermal patch for those who are
trying to stop cigarette smoking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Intravenous.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
Instantaneous and complete absorption (by definition, 100%); potentially more
dangerous because the systemic circulation is transiently exposed to high drug
concentrations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-85734845167722962302015-02-25T20:53:00.001-08:002015-02-25T20:53:04.494-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<strong><u><span style="background: white; color: #674ea7; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Microbiology<o:p></o:p></span></u></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: white; color: #674ea7; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (General principles of microbial concepts)</span></span></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Microorganisms:</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">Microorganisms</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (Latin <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">micro</span></i> =
small) are living beings so small (< 40 µm or 0.04
mm) that they are not visible by the naked eye. Microorganisms <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">related to human health</span></i> include certain bacteria,
viruses, fungi and parasites.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Types of Microorganisms:</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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Microorganisms can be, according to their
characteristics, divided into several groups:<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">bacteria,
viruses,</span></strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">certain<strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">fungi</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></span>and<strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">parasites</span></strong><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">pathogenic</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(capable of
causing disease),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">non-pathogenic</span></strong><b>,</b> and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">opportunistic</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(causing disease when they have
an opportunity, like in people with </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">low
immune system</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">acellular</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(without cell, like
viruses),<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">unicellular</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(bacteria, yeasts and certain
parasites), or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">multi-cellular</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(molds)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 19.9733333587647px;"><b> 1. Bacteria</b></span></span></div>
</div>
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Bacteria are<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-weight: normal; padding: 0in;">unicellular</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>organisms, about few microns in size (1 micron (µm) =
1/1,000 of a millimetre), consisting of DNA, cytoplasm, structures
needed for metabolism and reproduction, cell membrane, cell wall and
capsule .Certain bacteria use flagella, tail-like appendages, to propel
themselves.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-w61N8HqFcpI/VO6k9O6E2wI/AAAAAAAAAGA/mO0W_oDBjYM/s1600/bactreia%2Bstruc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-w61N8HqFcpI/VO6k9O6E2wI/AAAAAAAAAGA/mO0W_oDBjYM/s1600/bactreia%2Bstruc.jpg" height="299" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 17.1200008392334px; text-align: left;">Bacterial structure</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 17.1200008392334px;"><br /></span></div>
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gy-LFVs3cxs/VO6lRw7Z9xI/AAAAAAAAAGI/SA-qZHsnX9w/s1600/budding.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gy-LFVs3cxs/VO6lRw7Z9xI/AAAAAAAAAGI/SA-qZHsnX9w/s1600/budding.JPG" height="320" width="261" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 17.1200008392334px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #a64d79;">Bacteria multiply asexually by dividing into two daughter cells</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bacteria can be divided into
several groups:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spheres
or <b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">cocci</span></b> (like </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
rods or <b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">bacilli</span></b> (like <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Lactobacillus acidophilus</span></i>),
spirals or<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> spirochetes</span></b> (like <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Treponema pallidum</span></i>);
bacterial shape can help in their recognizing under the microscope<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Aerobic</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bacteria,
like <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span></i>, need
oxygen to thrive, while <b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">anaerobic, </span></b>like </span><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Clostsridium
difficile</span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">do not. Facultative anaerobic
bacteria, like</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pseudomonas aureginosa</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, can
live in aerobic and anaerobic environment.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Gram positive</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (G+) bacteria,
like <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Streptococcus</span></i>, and <b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Gram negative</span></b> (G-) bacteria, like <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Klebsiella</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Pathogenic</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and <b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">non-pathogenic</span></b> bacteria<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Certain bacteria can form <b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">endospores</span></b>, a kind of encapsulated bunkers within a
bacteria that enable vital parts of bacteria to survive in harsh
conditions, like freezing or boiling water, dessication, lack of nutrients,
etc. Some bacteria can survive weeks, and some millions of years in this form.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">In the human body, bacteria usually cause
localized infections, like pneumonia or skin infections. Bacterial
infections can be diagnosed by growing a <b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">bacterial culture </span></b>from
a sample of infected body fluid (e.g. urine, blood), stool, discharge (e.g.
sputum) or tissue (e.g. mucosal layer of the stomach). Most of bacterial
infections can be successfully treated by anti-bacterial drugs – <b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">antibiotics</span></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Examples of bacteria <b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">pathogenic</span></b> for a human are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, causing </span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">skin infections</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
pneumonia, and infection of the heart valves, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Streptococcus pyogenes</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
causing “strep throat”, cellulitis, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Neisseria gonorrheae</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
causing gonorrhea<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Salmonella</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
causing diarrhea in food poisoning<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Helicobacter pylori</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
causing chronic gastritis<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Mycoplasma</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
causing atypical pneumonia<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
Examples of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>non-pathogenic</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>bacteria:<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Staphylococcus epidermidis</span></i>, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a part of
normal skin flora<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Lactobacillus acidophilus</span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, a part of normal
intestinal flora<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
Examples of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>opportunistic</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>bacteria:<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Certain<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">intestinal bacteria</span></strong>, like<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Escherichia coli</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span>and<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> Enterobacter</span></em> live in the human
intestine without causing any symptoms, but in a person with<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lowered immune system</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">they may overgrow
and cause a bowel infection.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 align="center" style="background: white; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">2.
Viruses</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
Viruses are simple microorganisms, containing only DNA or
RNA molecule and capsule. They cannot survive outside the host for long
periods, so they are mainly transmitted by blood-to-blood or stool-to-mouth
route. In the human body, they have to invade the cells to multiply<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Virus cycle: entry of
herpes simplex virus (HSV) into the cell (on the left), multiplying within the
cell and release (right) from the cell<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
Viruses usually cause systemic infections, affecting the
whole body. Examples of viruses, pathogenic for a human:<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Rhinovirus</span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, causing common cold<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Influenzavirus</span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, causing flu, bird flu, swine flu<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Herpes simplex virus</span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> causing herpes labialis
(cold sore) or herpes genitalis<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">HIV, causing AIDS<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Ebolavirus</span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, causing hemorrhagic fever<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
Viruses can be diagnosed by finding specific antibodies in
the sample of blood (serologic tests). Vaccination against several virus
infections is possible; only few viral infections can be treated by anti-viral
medications, though. <o:p></o:p></div>
<h3 align="center" style="background: white; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">3. Fungi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
Fungi are widely present in the environment and also on the
human skin, gut and vagina. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungi are subdivided
on the basis of their life cycles, the presence or structure of their fruiting
body and the arrangement of and type of spores (reproductive or distributional
cells) they produce.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The three major groups
of fungi are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">multicellular filamentous moulds<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">macroscopic filamentous fungi that form large fruiting
bodies. Sometimes the group is referred to as ‘mushrooms’, but the
mushroom is just the part of the fungus we see above ground which is also known
as the fruiting body.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">single celled microscopic yeasts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<h3 align="center" style="background: white; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">4.
Parasites</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Human intestinal
parasites are either one-cell organisms or</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">intestinal worms</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">that live in the small or
large intestine and use the stool or blood from intestinal wall as a
source of food.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; padding: 0in;">One-cell organisms</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">, like<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Giardia lamblia,</span></i></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span>also
called<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Giardia duodenale</span></i></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; padding: 0in;"> 1</span></strong><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">),<em><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Cryptosporidium</span></b></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></span>(crypto)
and <strong><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Cyclospora</span></i></strong>,
utilize nutrients from the stool. They belong to a living kingdom <strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Protozoa</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></span>(Gk.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">protos</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>=
first;<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">zoa</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>=
animals). They may cause inflammation of the<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">small intestine</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>thus hampering absorption of
nutrients. <strong><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Entamoeba hystolytica</span></i></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span>lives
predominantly in the<span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">colon.<o:p></o:p></span></em></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Intestinal Worms (Helminths):</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
Intestinal worms (helminths), like roundworms (hookworms), whipworms, <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Ascaris</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and<em>Trichinella</em>), tapeworms
and flukes, are few millimeters to several meters in size, they eat the
bowel content or suck the blood from the intestinal wall and can cause
about the same symptoms as one-cell parasites.<o:p></o:p></div>
<h2 align="center" style="background: white; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></h2>
<h2 align="center" style="background: white; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Beneficial
Microorganisms</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
Microorganisms, like certain bacteria and yeasts, living on
the human skin or in the nose, mouth, throat, small and large intestine and
vagina, are part of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>normal human flora</strong>; they prevent overgrowth of harmful microorganisms. Some
of these microbes, when overgrow, may become pathogenic, though.<o:p></o:p></div>
<h2 style="background: white; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: small;">Harmful or Pathogenic Microorganisms</span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong>Pathogenic</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>means<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>capable</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>of causing disease.
An actual harmful effect of a microbe to the body depends on:<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>M</strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">icrobial virulence</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- a
relative ability of a microbe to cause a disease; for example, a certain, highly
virulent subtype of influenza virus may cause a bird flu, which is deadly
in a high percent, while “usual” influenza virus is not.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Invasion</strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> through the body’s barriers;</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">staph bacteria might not
cause any harm to a person with an intact skin, but can cause a severe
infection of a skin wound.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Amount</strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> of microbes</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">; eating few bites of food
contaminated with staph bacteria may go unnoticed, while eating the whole
portion of the same food may cause a severe food poisoning.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>B</strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">ody’s defense (immune) system</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">; patients
with a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">weak immune system</span></b>,
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">like
those receiving corticosteroids, often get oral thrush (candida infection
of the mouth), while otherwise healthy people do not.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-54858406387956485292015-02-17T22:22:00.001-08:002015-02-17T22:22:29.623-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="background: white; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">Physiology
of Nervous system</span></span></strong></h2>
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<span style="color: #555555;">The
nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the
peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central system is the primary control
center for the body and is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The
peripheral system consists of a network of nerves that connects the rest of the
body to the CNS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 19.2pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555;">The two systems work together to
collect information from inside the body and from the environment outside it.
The systems process the collected information and then dispatch instructions to
the rest of the body, making it respond.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 19.2pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555;">In most cases, the brain is the
destination for information gathered by the rest of the nervous system. Once
data arrives, the brain sorts and files it before sending out any necessary
commands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 19.2pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555;">The brain is divided into many
different sections, including the cerebrum and brain stem. These parts handle
pieces of the brain’s overall workload, including storing and retrieving memory
and making body movements smooth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 19.2pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555;">Although the brain is the control
center, its job would not be possible without the spinal cord, which is the
major conduit for information traveling between brain and body.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 19.2pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555;">Peripheral system nerves branch
from either the brain stem or the spinal cord. Each nerve is connected to a
particular area of the torso or limbs and is responsible for communication to
and from those regions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 19.2pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555;">The PNS can also be divided into
smaller pieces: the somatic and autonomic systems. The somatic involves parts
of the body a person can command at will, and the autonomic helps run
involuntary functions such as pumping blood.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 19.2pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555;">Information conveyed through the
nervous system moves along networks of cells called neurons. These neurons can
only send information one way. Those transmitting to the brain are sensory
neurons; those that transmit from the brain are known as motor neurons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 19.2pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555;">The nervous system can suffer
from a number of afflictions, including cancer. Other problems include multiple
sclerosis, in which damaged nerves prevent signals from traveling along them,
and meningitis, which causes an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the
brain and spinal cord.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-27432871954133163312015-02-09T21:37:00.003-08:002015-02-09T21:37:57.841-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 19.9733333587647px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Inter-cellular</b></span></span><b><span style="background: white; color: #003366; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> signaling by cytokines between
B-cells, T- cells, and effector cells<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: #003366; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">B cell activation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: #003366; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A key
part of the immune system is the production of immunoglobulins (antibodies) by
B cells to bind and inactivate specific foreign antigens. The body produces B
cells with a wide range of antigen specificities in the immunoglobulin B cell
receptor, one antigen specificity per cell. When the B cell receptor
immunoglobulin binds antigen, that cell is activated to proliferate and create
plasma cells secreting immunoglobulins to bind that specific antigen. B cell
activation also creates memory cells with the same antigen specificity that do
not actively secrete immunoglobulin but provide for rapid future immune
responses to the same antigen.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">B cells are not activated by antigen on their
own, but require interaction with helper CD4+ T cells to become activated and
proliferate. The B cell first expresses immunoglobulin on the cell surface as
the B cell receptor. If the B cell receptor immunoglobulin binds specific
antigen, then the cell internalizes the antigen and presents it to T cells in
MHC II, where it is recognized by the T cell receptor. In addition to the
interaction between the T cell receptor and the B cell MHC-antigen, T cell
interaction with the B cell involves additional positive and negative
regulatory signals. CD40 interaction with CD40L and CD28 interaction with CD80
provide positive costimulatory signals that stimulate B cell activation and
proliferation. T cell receptor activation induces expression of molecules like
the CD40 ligand that modulate the B cell-T cell interaction. The CD40-CD40L
interaction induces cytokine production and expression of other genes and
alters the fate of the B cell involved in the interaction. If the interaction
between CD40 and CD40L is prolonged, the B cell can be induced to become a
memory cell rather than a plasma cell. Fas ligand binding to Fas between B and
T cells may negatively modulate B cell activation, inducing apoptosis that
limits B cell proliferation and activation. Cytokines like IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10
also play an important role in B cell activation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #003366; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">T cell activation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">T
helper cells play an essential role coordinating the activities of other parts
of the immune system, including B cells, cytotoxic T cells, macrophages and
other cells. The crucial nature of helper T cells in the normal immune response
is demonstrated by the severe immune deficiency associated with the HIV-induced
helper T cell depletion. To communicate with other cells, helper T cells
express a range of cell surface molecules, a few of which are illustrated in
this figure. Like all T cells, helper T cells express T cell receptors
complexed with the CD3 proteins that are responsible for the recognition and
response of the cell to specific antigens (see “T Cell Receptor Signaling
Pathway”). CD4 is commonly used as a marker for helper T cells, in contrast to
cytotoxic T cells, which express CD8. CD4 is used by HIV to gain cell entry, as
well as the CCR5 chemokine receptor. Thy1 provides a more general cell surface
antigen used to identify both T helper and cytotoxic T cells. CD28 provides a
costimulatory signal in association with the activation of the T cell receptor
complex by an antigen presenting cell that is required for the T cell to become
activated (see “The Co-Stimulatory Signal during T-cell Activation” pathway).
Adhesion molecules on the surface of T cells assist in their interaction with
other cells. LFA-1 binds to its ligand ICAM-1 in a variety of cells and T cells
themselves also express ICAM-1. The CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase
dephosphorylates factors in the pathways involved in B cells and T cells
activation. Although CD45 is required for T cell receptor activation, exclusion
of CD45 from the local membrane region near the T cell receptor appears
important for efficient T cell activation. Helper T cells can be subdivided
further into Th1 and Th2 cells, distinguished by their response to different
antigens, differing cytokine expression and expression of different chemokine
receptors (see “Selective expression of chemokine receptors during T-cell
polarization”) CD2 is required for efficient helper T cell maturation and
stimulates their differentiation, but does not select for a specific increase
in Th1 or Th2 populations of cells.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-11130103457438886142015-02-04T00:26:00.000-08:002015-02-04T00:26:13.739-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 9.0pt; padding-right: 9.0pt; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-transform: uppercase;">CLINICAL
IMPLICATIONS OF HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lfVt0Bwj0bY/VNHWvmilvKI/AAAAAAAAAFU/Rjp5yrn9SaU/s1600/stru-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lfVt0Bwj0bY/VNHWvmilvKI/AAAAAAAAAFU/Rjp5yrn9SaU/s1600/stru-2.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px;">The basic structure of Immunoglobulins</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-transform: uppercase;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #9a0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IgG</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Increases in:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)
Chronic granulomatous infections<br />
b) Infections of all types<br />
c) Hyperimmunization<br />
d) Liver disease<br />
e) Malnutrition (severe)<br />
f) Dysproteinemia<br />
g) Disease associated with hypersensitivity granulomas, dermatologic
disorders, and IgG myeloma<br />
h) Rheumatoid arthritis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Decreases in:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)
Agammaglobulinemia<br />
b) Lymphoid aplasia<br />
c) Selective IgG, IgA deficiency<br />
d) IgA myeloma<br />
e) Bence Jones proteinemia<br />
f) Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #9a0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IgM</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Increases (in adults) in:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)
Waldenström's macroglobulinemia<br />
b) Trypanosomiasis<br />
c) Actinomycosis<br />
d) Carrión's disease (bartonellosis)<br />
e) Malaria<br />
f) Infectious mononucleosis<br />
g) Lupus erythematosus<br />
h) Rheumatoid arthritis<br />
I) Dysgammaglobulinemia (certain cases)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In
the newborn, a level of IgM above 20 ng./dl is an indication of <i>in
utero</i>stimulation of the immune system and stimulation by the rubella
virus, the cytomegalovirus, syphilis, or toxoplasmosis.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Decreases in:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)
Agammaglobulinemia<br />
b) Lymphoproliferative disorders (certain cases)<br />
c) Lymphoid aplasia<br />
d) IgG and IgA myeloma<br />
e) Dysgammaglobulinemia<br />
f) Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #9a0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IgA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Increases in:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome<br />
b) Cirrhosis of the liver (most cases)<br />
c) Certain stages of collagen and other autoimmune disorders such as
rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus<br />
d) Chronic infections not based on immunologic deficiencies<br />
e) IgA myeloma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Decreases in:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)
Hereditary ataxia telangiectasia<br />
b) Immunologic deficiency states (<i>e.g.,</i> dysgammaglobulinemia,
congenital and acquired agammaglobulinemia, and hypogammaglobulinemia)<br />
c) Malabsorption syndromes<br />
d) Lymphoid aplasia<br />
e) IgG myeloma<br />
f) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia<br />
g) Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #9a0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IgD</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Increases in:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)
Chronic infections<br />
b) IgD myelomas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #9a0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IgE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Increases in:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)
Atopic skin diseases such as eczema<br />
b) Hay fever<br />
c) Asthma<br />
d) Anaphylactic shock<br />
e) IgE-myeloma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Decreases in:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">a) Congenital agammaglobulinemia<br />
b) Hypogammaglobulinemia due to faulty metabolism or synthesis of
immunoglobulins</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-27263592549542256592015-01-28T10:09:00.001-08:002015-01-28T10:09:53.978-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;">Drug- Tobacco Interactions</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M1w3ttwwd7k/VMkj8gT_LRI/AAAAAAAAAFE/OtQsRF5HlEk/s1600/maxresdefault.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M1w3ttwwd7k/VMkj8gT_LRI/AAAAAAAAAFE/OtQsRF5HlEk/s1600/maxresdefault.jpg" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #ED7D31; border-right: none; border: solid #ED7D31 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #ED7D31 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ED7D31 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ED7D31 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.8pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"> S.no</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #ED7D31; border-bottom: solid #ED7D31 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #ED7D31 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #ED7D31 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ED7D31 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.85pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">Product<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #ED7D31; border-left: none; border: solid #ED7D31 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #ED7D31 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-alt: solid #ED7D31 .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ED7D31 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.55pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">Interactions (TOBACCO)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-top: none; border: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.8pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b> </b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.85pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
ALPRAZOLAM</div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.55pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Concurrent use of ALPRAZOLAM and TOBACCO may
result in decreased alprazolam plasma concentrations and efficacy</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.8pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b> </b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.85pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
CONTRACEPTIVES , COMBINATION</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.55pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Concurrent use of CONTRACCEPTIVES, COMBINATION and
TOBACCO may result in an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-top: none; border: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.8pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b> </b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.85pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
ERLOTINIB</div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.55pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Concurrent use of ERLOTINIB and TOBACCO may
result in increased erlotinib clearance and reduced serum concentrations.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.8pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b> </b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.85pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
FLUVOXAMINE</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.55pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Concurrent use of
FLUVOXAMINE and TOBACCO may result in increased fluvoxamine metabolism</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-top: none; border: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.8pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b> </b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.85pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
IMIPRAMINE </div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.55pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Concurrent use of IMIPRAMINE and TOBACCO may result in decreased
imipramine concentrations</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.8pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b> </b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.85pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
PENTAZOCINE</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.55pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Concurrent use of PENTAZOCINE and TOBACCO may result in decreased
Pentazocine concentrations</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-top: none; border: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.8pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b> </b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.85pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
PROPOXYPHENE</div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.55pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Concurrent use of PROPOXYPHENE and TOBACCO
may result in decreased Propoxyphene
concentrations</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.8pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b> </b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.85pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
ROPINIROLE</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.55pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Concurrent use of ROPINIROLE and TOBACCO may result in decreased
Ropinirole plasma concentrations and efficacy</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-top: none; border: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.8pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b> </b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.85pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
THEOPHYLLINE</div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.55pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Concurrent use of THEOPHYLLINE and TOBACCO
may result in decreased Theophylline concentrations</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.8pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b> </b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.85pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
TOLBUTAMIDE</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.55pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Concurrent use of TOLBUTAMIDE and TOBACCO may result
in decreased tolbutamide concentrations</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-top: none; border: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.8pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b> </b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.85pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
WARFARIN</div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FBE4D5; border-bottom: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F4B083 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themetint: 153; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themetint: 153; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F4B083 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themetint: 153; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.55pt;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Concurrent use of WARFARIN and TOBACCO may result in
increased or decreased prothrombin time</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-8445072836260880562015-01-13T06:19:00.000-08:002015-01-13T06:39:06.944-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;">Common<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Cardiac Medications And Their Side Effects</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Wo0ZdFyvDmI/VLUsOMcJfgI/AAAAAAAAAEw/Oj5FeKafz_w/s1600/debbies-cardiac-meds-presentation-final-nn-1-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Wo0ZdFyvDmI/VLUsOMcJfgI/AAAAAAAAAEw/Oj5FeKafz_w/s1600/debbies-cardiac-meds-presentation-final-nn-1-728.jpg" height="206" width="320" /></a></div>
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</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -4.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 160.55pt;" valign="top" width="214"><b> Medications</b></td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Examples</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Side
Effects and Notes</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 160.55pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">ACE inhibitors<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">(angiotensin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">converting enzyme<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">inhibitors)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">OR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">ARBs<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">(angiotensin II receptor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">antagonists)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">These medications block
stress<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">hormones and relieve
stress<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">on the heart’s pumping
action.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">They improve symptoms
and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">reduce hospitalizations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">for patients with heart failure.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">ACE inhibitors:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">benazepril </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Lotensin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">captopril </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Capoten)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">enalapril maleate </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Vasotec)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">lisinopril </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Prinivil, Zestril)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">quinapri</span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">l </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Accupril)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">ramipril </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Altace)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">ARBs:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">candesartan cilexetil </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Atacand)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">eprosartan mesylate </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Teveten)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">irbesartan </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Avapro)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">losartan </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Cozaar)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">telmisartan </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Micardis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">valsartan </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Diovan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Side effect:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">A dry, non-productive
cough is<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">a common side effect of
ACE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">inhibitors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Note:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Don’t use potassium
supplements<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">or salt substitutes
without first<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">asking your healthcare providers.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 160.55pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Antiarrhythmics<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">(heart rhythm<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">medications)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">These control irregular<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">heartbeats — and
maintain a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">normal heart rate and
rhythm.</span><b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">amiodarone </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Cordarone)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">disopyramide phosphat</span></b><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">e </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Norpace)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">dofetilide </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Tikosyn)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">flecainide </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Tambocor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">mexiletine HCl </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Mexitil)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">procainamide </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Procan, Pronestyl)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">propafenone HCl </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Rythmol)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">propafenone HCI SR </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Rythmol SR)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">quinadine glucomate </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Quinaglute)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">sotalol </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Betapace, see beta
blockers)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">tocainide HCl </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Tonocard)</span><b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Notes:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">As with any medication,
take<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">antiarrhythmics exactly
as ordered.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">If you’re taking some of
these<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">medications, you’ll need
ongoing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">monitoring by your
healthcare<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">provider.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">If you’re taking an
extended-release<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">tablet, be sure to swallow
the pill<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">whole don’t break,
chew, or<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">crush it.</span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 160.55pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Anticoagulants and<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">platelet inhibitors<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">(“blood thinners”)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">These cause your blood
to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">take longer to clot,
which can<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">reduce the risk of
strokes and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">heart attacks that can
occur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">when blood clots get stuck
in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">small blood vessels.</span><b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Anticoagulants:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">dalteparin sodium </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Fragmin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">enoxaparin </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Lovenox)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">fondaparinux </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Arixtra)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">heparin sodium<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">warfarin </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Coumadin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Platelet inhibitors:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">aspirin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">cilostazol </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Pletal)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">clopidogril bisulfate </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Plavix)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">dipyramidamole </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Persantine)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">prasugrel </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Effient)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">ticlopidine </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Ticlid)</span><span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Side effect:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Call your healthcare provider </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">if you notice bleeding<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">from your gums, or blood
in your urine or stools.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Notes:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">Make sure your
provider knows about all other<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">medication you’re
using. Many substances <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">including
over-the-counter drugs and herbal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">supplements should not be used while you’re<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">taking some blood
thinners.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">If you’re taking
some of these medications, you’ll need<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">ongoing monitoring
by your healthcare provider.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">If you miss a dose,
do NOT take extra the next time<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">to “catch up.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">Be consistent with
your diet, especially foods rich<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">in vitamin K (see
chapter 8).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">Keep regular
appointments to have your blood<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">tested to make sure
it’s clotting at the right level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">Depending on the
type of test, it’s called a PT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(or PT/INR) or a
PTT test.</span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 160.55pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Antihypertensives<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">(blood pressure medication)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">These are commonly used
to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">treat high blood
pressure by<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">relaxing and widening<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">blood vessels.</span><b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">clonidine HCl </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Catapres, Dixarit)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">doxazosin mesylate </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Cardura)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">hydralazine HCI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">methyldopa </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Aldomet)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">minoxidil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">phenoxybenzamine HCl<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Dibenzyline)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">phentolamine mesylate<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Regitine)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">prazosin HCl </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Minipress)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">terazosin HCl </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Hytrin)</span><b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Note:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">As with any drug, don’t
stop using blood<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">pressure medication
without first asking your<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">healthcare provider.</span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 160.55pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Beta blockers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">These medications are
often<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">prescribed to treat
angina, high<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">blood pressure, and
irregular<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">heart rhythms. They:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Block stress hormones
and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">relieve stress on the
heart’s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">pumping action<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Relax the blood vessels
so<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">blood can move more
easily<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Improve the heart’s
function<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Reduce symptoms and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">lessen the chance of
future<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">hospitalizations</span><b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">acebutolol HCl </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Sectral)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">atenolol </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Tenormin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">betaxolol </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Kerlone)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">bisoprolol </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Zebeta)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">carvedilol </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Coreg)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">labetalol HCl </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">(</span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">Normodyne,
Trandate)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">metoprolol succinate </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Toprol XL)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">metoprolol tartrate </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Lopressor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">nadolol </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Corgard)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">nebivolol </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Bystolic)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">pindolol </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Visken)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">propranolol HCl </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Inderal)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">sotalol </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Betapace)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">timolol maleate </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Blocadren)</span><span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Side effects:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">In some people,
beta blockers can cause drowsiness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Call your healthcare provider right away<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">if you have any of
these side effects:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">– </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Chest pain (may be
related to your disease<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">and not a side effect)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">– </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Fainting or severe
dizziness<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">– </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Slow, fast, or irregular
heartbeat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">– </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Swelling of your feet or
ankles<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">– </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Unusual bleeding or
bruising<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">– </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Unusual weight gain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">– </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Wheezing or trouble b</span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">reathing</span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 160.55pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Calcium channel blockers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">These are commonly used
to treat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">high blood pressure,
coronary<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">artery spasms, and
angina. They<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">restrict the normal flow
of calcium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">into the cells of the
heart and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">blood vessels, which
discourages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">smaller vessels from
narrowing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">and going into spasm,
and also<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">reduces the heart’s
workload and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">need for oxygen.</span><b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">amlodipine besylate </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Norvasc)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">bepridil </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Vascor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">diltiazem HCl </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Cardizem, Dilacor,
Tiazac)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">felodipine </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Plendil)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">isradipine </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(DynaCirc)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">nicardipine HCl </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Cardene)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">nifedipin</span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Roman;">e </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Adalat, Procardia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">nisoldipine </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Sular)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">verapamil HCl </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Calan, Covera, Isoptin)</span><span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Side effect:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Calcium channel blockers
can cause<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">swelling in your feet
and legs.</span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 160.55pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Digitalis glycosides<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">These strengthen the
heart<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">muscle, treat irregular
heart<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">rhythms, and improve<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">exercise tolerance.</span><b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">digoxin </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Lanoxin)</span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Note:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Many drugs including
some<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">antacids and other
over-the-counter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">medications can affect
how<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">digitalis works in your
body. As always,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">make sure your
healthcare provider<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">knows about all the
medications and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">supplements you’re
taking.</span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 160.55pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Diuretics (“water pills”)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">These help rid your body
of excess<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">fluid and salt. They are
often<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">prescribed for high
blood pressure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">and congestive heart
failure.</span><b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">amiloride </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Midamor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">bumetanide </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Bumex)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">chlorothiazide </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Diuril)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">ethacrynic acid </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Edecrin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">furosemide </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Lasix)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">hydrochlorothiazide </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Esidrix,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">HydroDIURIL,
Microzide, Oretic)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">indapamide </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Lozol)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">metolazone </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Mykrox, Zaroxolyn)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">triamterene </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Dyrenium)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Aldosterone receptor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">antagonists<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">eplerenone </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Inspra)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">spironolactone </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Aldactone)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Combination products<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">amiloride and<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">hydrochlorothiazide<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">spironolactone and<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">hydrochlorothiazide </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Aldactazide)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">torsemide </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Demadex)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">triamterene and<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">hydrochlorothiazide<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Side effects:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Diuretics can cause
extreme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">weight loss,
lightheadedness, or<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">increased blood
pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Notes:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Diuretics make you
urinate more.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">You may want to take
diuretics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">early in the morning
and/or<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">afternoon. This will
help you avoid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">having to get up at
night to urinate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Since the use of some
diuretics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">can cause loss of
potassium from<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">the body, potassium supplements<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">are often prescribed
with diuretics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">See “potassium
supplements”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">later in this table.</span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 160.55pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Lipid medications<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">(blood cholesterol<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">lowering agents,<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">antihyperlipidemics)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">The medications in this<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">category work in
different<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">ways. Depending on which<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">one you’re taking, lipid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">medications can lower
your<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">levels of cholesterol,
LDL, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">triglycerides — as well
as<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">treat abnormally low
levels<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">of HDL cholesterol.</span><b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Statins<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">atorvastatin calcium </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Lipitor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">fluvastatin sodium </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Lescol)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">lovastatin </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Mevacor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">pravastatin sodium </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Pravachol)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">rosuvastatin </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Crestor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">simvastatin </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Zocor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Fibrates<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">fenofibrate </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Tricor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">gemfibrozil </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Lopid)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Bile acid sequestrants<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">colesevelam HCl </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Welchol)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">cholestyramine </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Questran)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">colestipol HCl </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Colestid)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Other lipid medications<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">niacin </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Niaspan, Nicolar)</span><span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Side effect: </span></b><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Call your healthcare provider<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">right away </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">if you have any
unexplained muscle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">pain, weakness, or
cramps.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Notes:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">The cornerstone of
treating high blood<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">cholesterol is a
low-fat, low cholesterol diet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Drug therapy only works
when you also follow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">dietary guidelines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">With many lipid
medications, you can’t eat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">grapefruit or drink
grapefruit juice. Ask your<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">healthcare provider.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Take your statin
medication with your evening<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">meal or at bedtime.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">If you take fenofibrate
(Tricor) AND also take<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">cholestyramine
(Questran), colestipol (Colestid),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">or colesevelam HCl
(Welchol) take your dose<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">of fenofibrate at least
1 hour before, or 4 to 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">hours after, these other
medicines.</span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 160.55pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Nitrates and other<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">antianginals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">These are commonly used
to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">prevent, reduce, or
relieve<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">angina pain. They work
by<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">relaxing blood vessels
and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">increasing the supply of
blood<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">and oxygen to the heart
—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">while reducing the blood<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">pressure that your heart
has<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">to pump against.</span><b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Nitrates (nitroglycerin)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">oral nitroglycerin </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Dilatrate-SR,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">Imdur, ISMO,
Isordil, Monoket)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">nitroglycerin ointment<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Nitro-Bid
Ointment, Nitrol)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">nitroglycerin skin patches<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Deponit, Minitran,
Nitro-Dur,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">Transderm-Nitro)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">nitroglycerin sublingual tablets<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Isordil,
Nitrostat, Nitrogard, Sorbitrate)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">other nitroglycerin tablets,<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">capsules, and sprays </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Nitro-Bid,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">Nitrocine,
Nitroglyn, Nitrolingual,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">Nitrong, Nitrostat)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Other anti-anginals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">ranolazine </span></b><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">(Renexa)</span><b><span style="color: #724238; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Notes about
nitrates:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">If your nitroglycerin
pills come with instructions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">to dissolve them under
your tongue, be sure to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">do this. Do NOT swallow
them. The drug won’t<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">work if it’s in your
stomach.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Store nitroglycerin in
its original bottle, in a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">dark place. This helps
preserve its potency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">It’s important to
replace your nitroglycerin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">pills every three
months, because they lose<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">their effectiveness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;">Notes about
ranolazine (Renexa):<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">R</span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">anolazine has many drug
interactions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Be sure to tell your
doctor about all other<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">medications you are
taking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #b1232a; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-LightCn","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-LightCn;">• </span><span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">Do NOT take ranolazine
if you have severe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #636466; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-Cn","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-Cn;">liver disease.</span><b><span style="color: #5c5d60; font-family: "FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: FrutigerLTStd-BoldCn;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
</div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-38235745499414010072015-01-06T04:15:00.002-08:002015-01-06T04:19:59.238-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;">
<br />
<span style="color: purple;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 align="CENTER" class="western" style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0in; padding: 0in;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: purple; font-size: small;">Area
3 – Social/Behavioral/Administrative Sciences (22%)</span></span></strong></h3>
<div align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: purple;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3F
Biostatistics and Research Design</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></strong>
</span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;">
</div>
<div align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;">
<strong style="line-height: 0.22in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: purple; font-size: 16pt;">Types
of Clinical study designs</span></span></strong></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: left;">
<strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
following list describes each type of clinical study design and cites
an example.</span></span></span></span></strong></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: purple;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1. Meta-Analysis</span></strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">-
</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">A
way of combining data from many different research studies. A
meta-analysis is a statistical process that combines the findings
from individual studies.</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: purple; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Example:</b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Anxiety
outcomes after physical activity interventions: meta-analysis finding.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9vx3N4-WYgM/VKvQ9__1DjI/AAAAAAAAAEk/_99HIwMT2eQ/s1600/evidence_pyramid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9vx3N4-WYgM/VKvQ9__1DjI/AAAAAAAAAEk/_99HIwMT2eQ/s1600/evidence_pyramid.jpg" height="287" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> <b> Types of clinical Study designs</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2. Systematic
Review-</span></strong><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">A
summary of the clinical literature. A systematic review is a critical
assessment and evaluation of all research studies that address a
particular clinical issue. The researchers use an organized method of
locating, assembling, and evaluating a body of literature on a
particular topic using a set of specific criteria. A systematic
review typically includes a description of the findings of the
collection of research studies. The systematic review may also
include a quantitative pooling of data, called a meta-analysis.</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: purple;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Example</span></strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">:</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Complementary
and alternative medicine use among women with breast cancer: a
systematic review.</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3.Randomized
Controlled Trial -</span></strong><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">A
controlled clinical trial that randomly (by chance) assigns
participants to two or more groups. There are various methods to
randomize study participants to their groups.</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: purple;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Example</span></strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">:</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Meditation
or exercise for preventing acute respiratory infection: a randomized
controlled trial</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: purple;">4. Cohort
Study (Prospective Observational Study) </span><span style="color: #333333;">-</span></span></strong><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">A
clinical research study in which people who presently have a certain
condition or receive a particular treatment are followed over time
and compared with another group of people who are not affected by the
condition.</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Example</span></strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: purple;">:</span><span style="color: #333333;"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Smokeless
tobacco cessation in South Asian communities: a multi-centre
prospective cohort study</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">5. Comparative
Study</span></strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: purple;">-</span><span style="color: #333333;">
Comparison of outcomes, results, responses, etc. for different
techniques, therapeutic approaches or other inputs.</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Example</span></strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: purple;">:</span>
</span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Impact
of emerging health insurance arrangements on diabetes outcomes and
disparities: rationale and study design</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.
</span></span>
</div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">6. Case-control
Study -</span></strong><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Case-control
studies begin with the outcomes and do not follow people over time.
Researchers choose people with a particular result (the cases) and
interview the groups or check their records to ascertain what
different experiences they had. They compare the odds of having an
experience with the outcome to the odds of having an experience
without the outcome.</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: purple;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Example</span></strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">:</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Non-use
of bicycle helmets and risk of fatal head injury: a proportional
mortality, case-control study</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">7. Cross-sectional
study -</span></strong><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
observation of a defined population at a single point in time or time
interval. Exposure and outcome are determined simultaneously.</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Example</span></strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: purple;">:</span><span style="color: #333333;"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Fasting
might not be necessary before lipid screening: a nationally
representative cross-</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">sectional
study</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">8. Case
Reports and Series -</span></strong><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">A
report on a series of patients with an outcome of interest. No
control group is involved.</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Example</span></strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: purple;">:</span><span style="color: #333333;"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Students
mentoring students in a service-learning clinical supervision
experience: an educational case report</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: purple;">9. Ideas,
Editorials, Opinions -</span><span style="color: #333333;"> </span></span></strong><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Put
forth by experts in the field.</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: purple;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Example</span></strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">: </span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Health
and health care for the 21st century: for all the people</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.
</span></span>
</div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">10. Animal
Research Studies -</span></strong><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Studies
conducted using animal subjects.</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Example</span></strong><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">: </span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Intranasal
leptin reduces appetite and induces weight loss in rats with
diet-induced obesity (DIO)</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.22in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">11. Lab
Research -</span></strong><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">"Test
tube" experiments conducted in a controlled laboratory setting.</span></span></div>
</div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-62505303852093625692015-01-02T02:17:00.000-08:002015-01-02T02:19:37.461-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Area
: Basic Biomedical Sciences</span></span></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unit:
1A Physiology</span></span></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Physiology
Of Respiration</b></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Physiology
of Respiration</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Pulmonary
Ventilation</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Ventilation
is the movement of air into and out of the lungs, as in breathing.
There are two phases of ventilation.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1.
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Inhalation
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">is
the drawing of air into the lungs.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2.
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Exhalation
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">is
the expulsion of air from the lungs.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>In
</b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>inhalation,
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">the
active phase of breathing, the respiratory muscles contract to
enlarge the thoracic cavity.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
diaphragm is a strong dome-shaped muscle attached around the base of
the rib cage. </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
rib cage is also moved upward and outward by contraction of the
external intercostals muscles and, during exertion, by contraction of
other muscles of the neck and chest. </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">During
quiet breathing, the movement of the diaphragm accounts for most of
the increase in thoracic volume.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">As
the thoracic cavity increases in size, gas pressure within the cavity
decreases. When the pressure drops to slightly below atmospheric
pressure, air is drawn into the lungs.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DvfnfQaujNk/VKZrSt7Hu1I/AAAAAAAAAEQ/f_o4M1betSM/s1600/92936-004-8881E781.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DvfnfQaujNk/VKZrSt7Hu1I/AAAAAAAAAEQ/f_o4M1betSM/s1600/92936-004-8881E781.jpg" height="307" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>In
exhalation,</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
the passive phase of breathing, the muscles of respiration relax,
allowing the ribs and diaphragm to return to their original
positions. The tissues of the lung are elastic and recoil during
exhalation. During forced exhalation, the internal intercoastals muscles and the muscles of the abdominal wall contracts, pulling the
bottom of the rib cage in and down. The abdominal viscera are also
pushed upward against the diaphragm.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Air
Movement</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Air
enters the respiratory passages and flows through the ever-dividing
tubes of the bronchial tree. As the air traverses this passage, it
moves more and more slowly through the great number of bronchial
tubes until there is virtually no forward flow as it reaches the
alveoli. </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Here
the air moves by diffusion, which soon equalizes any differences in
the amounts of gases present. </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Each
breath causes relatively little change in the gas composition of the
alveoli, but normal</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">continuous
breathing ensures the presence of adequate oxygen and the removal of
carbon dioxide.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Tidal
volume</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
The amount of air moved into or out </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">of
the lungs in quiet, relaxed breathing.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Vital
capacity</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
The volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by maximum
exhalation following maximum inhalation.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Residual
volume</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Total
lung capacity</b></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs after maximum
inhalation</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Functional
residual capacity</b></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Regulation
of respiration</b></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">Regulation
of respiration is a complex process that must keep pace with
moment-to-moment changes in cellular oxygen requirements and carbon
dioxide production. Regulation depends primarily on the respiratory
control centers located in the medulla and pons of the brain stem.
Nerve impulses from the medulla are modified by the centers in the
pons.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; orphans: 2; text-align: left; widows: 2;">Respiration is
regulated so that the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acid are
kept within certain limits.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">The
control centers regulate the rate, depth, and rhythm of respiration.
From the respiratory center in the medulla, motor nerve fibers extend
into the spinal cord. From the cervical (neck) part of the cord,
these nerve fibers continue through the phrenic nerve to the
diaphragm. The diaphragm and the other muscles of respiration are
voluntary in the sense that they can be regulated by messages from
the higher brain centers, notably the cortex. It is possible for a
person to deliberately breath more rapidly or more slowly or to hold
his breath and not breath at all for a time.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">Usually
we breath without thinking about it, while the respiratory centers in
the medulla and pons do the controlling. Of vital importance in the
control of respiration are the chemoreceptors. These receptors are
found in structures called the carotid and aortic bodies, as well as
out side the medulla of the brain stem.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">The
carotid bodies are located near the bifurcation of the common carotid
arteries, while the aortic bodies are located in the aortic arch.
These bodies contain many small blood vessels and sensory neurons,
which are vital importance in the control of respiration are the chemoreceptors.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">These
receptors are found in structures called the carotid and aortic
bodies, as well as out side the medulla of the brain stem.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">The
carotid bodies are located near the bifurcation of the common carotid
arteries, while the aortic bodies are located in the aortic arch.
These bodies contain many small blood vessels and sensory neurons,
which are sensitive to decreases in oxygen supply as well as to
increases in carbon dioxide and acidity (H+).</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; text-align: left;">Impulses
are sent to the brain from the receptors in the carotid and aortic </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">bodies.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">The
receptor cells outside the medulla are affected by the concentration
of hydrogen ion in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mas determined by the
concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-20141345894872232182014-12-31T20:38:00.004-08:002014-12-31T21:24:11.260-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 9pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Area 1 - Basic Biomedical Sciences (16%)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #274e13; font-size: 10pt;"><b>1A Physiology<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: #274e13;">1A01 Lymphatic System</span><span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bzgy4lisKSE/VKTMYzDborI/AAAAAAAAAEA/DfoBwS29oV4/s1600/lymph.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bzgy4lisKSE/VKTMYzDborI/AAAAAAAAAEA/DfoBwS29oV4/s1600/lymph.png" height="242" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The lymphatic system consists of:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">lymph<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">lymph vessels<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">lymph nodes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">lymph organs, e.g. spleen and
thymus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">diffuse lymphoid tissue, e.g.
tonsils<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bone marrow.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Functions of the lymphatic
system include the following.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tissue drainage.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Every
day, 3-4 litres of fluid are drained away by the lymphatic vessels. Without
this, the tissues would rapidly become waterlogged, and the cardiovascular
system would begin to fail as the blood volume falls.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Absorption in the
small intestine.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Fat and fat-soluble materials, e.g. the fat-soluble vitamins, are absorbed into
the central lacteals (lymphatic vessels) of the villi.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Immunity</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The lymphatic organs are
concerned with the production and maturation of lymphocytes.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: #274e13;">The Lympahtic System</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></b>
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: #274e13;">lymph.</span></span></b><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-align: left;">Lymph
is a clear watery fluid. Lymph transports the plasma proteins that seep out of
the capillary beds back to the bloodstream.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">It
also carries away larger particles, e.g. bacteria and cell debris from damaged tissues</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">Lymph
contains lymphocytes, which circulate in the lymphatic system allowing them to
patrol the different regions of the body</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: #274e13;">Lymph capillaries</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">All
tissues of the body have a network of lymphatic vessels, with the exception of
the central nervous system, the bones and the most superficial layers of the
skin.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larger lymph
vessels <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">The
walls of lymph vessels are about the same thickness as those of small veins and
have the same layers of tissue, i.e. a fibrous covering, a middle layer of
smooth muscle and elastic tissue and an inner lining of endothelium.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">Lymph
vessels have numerous cup-shaped valves which ensure that lymph flows in one
way only, i.e. towards the thorax.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;">In
addition, any structure that periodically compresses the lymphatic vessels can
assist in the movement of lymph along the vessels, commonly including the
contraction of adjacent muscles and the pulsation of large arteries.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: #274e13;">Lymph nodes</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lymph
nodes are oval or bean-shaped organs that lie, often in groups, along the
length of lymph vessels.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> The lymph drains through a number of nodes, usually 8
to 10, before returning to the venous circulation. These nodes vary
considerably in size: some are as small as a pin head and the largest are about
the size of an almond.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: #274e13;">Spleen</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The
Spleen is formed by reticular and
lymphatic tissue and is the largest lymph organ.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The
spleen lies in the left hypochondriac region of the abdominal cavity between
the fundus of the stomach and the diaphragm.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> It is purplish in colour and varies in size in
different individuals, but is usually about 12 cm long,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;"> 7 cm wide and 2.5 cm
thick. It weighs about 200 g.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Functions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: #274e13;">Phagocytosis</span><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Old
and abnormal erythrocytes are destroyed in the spleen and the breakdown
products, bilirubin and iron, are passed to the liver via the splenic and
portal veins.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: #274e13;">Storage of blood</span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The
spleen contains up to 350 ml of blood, and in response to sympathetic
stimulation can rapidly return a large part of this volume to the circulation,
e.g. in haemorrhage.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: #274e13;">Immune response</span><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The
spleen contains T- and B-lymphocytes, which are activated by the presence of
antigens, e.g. in infection. Lymphocyte proliferation during serious infection
can cause enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly}.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: #274e13;">Erythropoiesis</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The
spleen and liver are important sites of fetal blood cell production, and the
spleen can also fulfil this function in adults in times of great need.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Thymus
gland<span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The thymus gland lies in the upper part
of the mediastinum behind the sternum and extends upwards into the root of the
neck.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #274e13;">Function</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Lymphocytes originate from pluripotent
stem cells in red bone marrow. Those that enter the thymus develop into
activated T-lymphocytes.</span></div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-20953162860644797922013-10-30T04:25:00.001-07:002013-10-30T04:25:47.366-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>FPGEETutor.com </b>Wishing you a very happy and prosperous Diwali.</div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-36234140921610122992013-05-05T06:22:00.001-07:002013-05-05T06:22:28.998-07:00Study tables for easy prep.of Fpgee exam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">The study Tables are important preaparation tools. They help us in remembering and recollecting the prep.content. please find one sample table:</span><br />
<br />
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 31.75pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.95in;" valign="top" width="571">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Prodrugs with their actives forms and
clinical uses:-</span></i></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.85pt;" valign="top" width="157">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b>Prodrug<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b>Active form<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.05pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b>Clinical use<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.85pt;" valign="top" width="157">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Spirinolactone<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Canrenone<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.05pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Steroidal
diuretic<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.85pt;" valign="top" width="157">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Nabumetone<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
6-methoxy-napthlthalen
2-acetic acid<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.05pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
NSAID<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.85pt;" valign="top" width="157">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Cyclophosphamide<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Ethylaneimonium
deri <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.05pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Antineoplastic<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.85pt;" valign="top" width="157">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Irinotecan<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
SN-38<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.05pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Antineoplastic<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.85pt;" valign="top" width="157">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Estramustine
<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Estradiol
+ Carmustine<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.05pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Prostate
cancer<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.85pt;" valign="top" width="157">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Amifostine<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Dephosphorylated
form<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.05pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Used
along with cisplatin <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
in
renal toxicity.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.85pt;" valign="top" width="157">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Sulindac<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Sulfide
form<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.05pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
NSAID<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.95in;" valign="top" width="571">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>For more details please logon to
www.fpgeetutor.com<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-68838326815595218892013-05-01T22:16:00.003-07:002013-05-02T05:49:25.951-07:00Lazy lizard source of diabetes drug<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><u><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lazy lizard source of diabetes
drug:</span></u><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><strong><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-weight: normal;">The peculiar eating habits of a
North American lizard have led to a new drug designed to help people suffering
with Type 2 diabetes. </span></strong></span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">Since the lazy
lizard, known as the Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum), spends most of its
time doing very little in an underground burrow, it developed a biochemical
system for controlling the storage and release of energy. The key to the system
is a compound called exendin-4, a hormone found in the lizard's saliva. It
slows the creature's digestion, enabling it to get by on just 3 or 4 meals a
year. In 2005, the U.S.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Food and
Drug Administration<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>approved the
drug<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>exenatide<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(marketed as Byetta®) for the
management of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>type 2 diabetes. It
is a synthetic version of a protein, exendin-4, derived from the Gila monster's
saliva, manufactured and marketed by the international drug giant Eli Lilly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KpQ7nDdHNkQ/UYH2jcpoYzI/AAAAAAAAAB8/AHCuB7siNKs/s1600/lazy_lizard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KpQ7nDdHNkQ/UYH2jcpoYzI/AAAAAAAAAB8/AHCuB7siNKs/s320/lazy_lizard.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div>
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-62634067798960296842013-05-01T22:14:00.004-07:002013-05-02T05:51:20.193-07:00New Sources for Drug discovery-Really astonishing’-<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="text-align: center;"><i><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">New Sources for Drug discovery-Really astonishing’-</span></u></i></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Eptifibatide is a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>cyclic<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>heptapeptide<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>derived from a protein found in the
venom of the southeastern pygmy rattlesnake (<i>Sistrurus miliarius barbouri</i>)</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. It belongs to the class of the so-called arginin-glycin-aspartat-mimetics
and reversibly binds to platelets.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Integrilin®
is sold in two strengths, globally: vials containing 2 mg/ml (20 mg
totally) and 0.75 mg/ml (75 mg totally). A third size is sold in the
US: 100 ml vials containing 2 mg/ml (200 mg totally). Eptifibatide is
a cyclic heptapeptide containing 6 amino acids and 1 mercaptopropionyl
(des-amino cysteinyl) residue. Each 10-mL vial contains 2 mg/mL of INTEGRILIN
and each 100-mL vial contains either 0.75 mg/mL of INTEGRILIN or 2 mg/mL of
INTEGRILIN.</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-52186959680064309412013-04-27T08:07:00.003-07:002013-04-27T08:09:34.203-07:00Which of the following local anesthetics is called universal anesthetic?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="pollOptions" style="word-wrap: normal;"><tbody>
<tr class="pollRow_509727395755731" id="u_0_1b"><td class="pollRadioBtn" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><input class="mts" id="u_0_1a" name="option_id" style="margin-top: 5px;" type="radio" value="509727395755731" /></td><td class="pollResultsBar" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><div class="fbQuestionsPollResultsBar" style="background-color: white; border-color: rgb(164, 164, 164) rgb(187, 187, 187) rgb(213, 213, 213); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 3px 5px 6px; position: relative; zoom: 1;" title="Ropivacaine">
<div class="label" style="color: #3b5998; line-height: 13px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; top: 1px;">
<span class="fwb" style="font-weight: bold;">Ropivacaine</span></div>
<div class="fbQuestionsPollClickTarget" style="cursor: pointer; height: 22px; left: -1px; position: absolute; right: -1px; top: -1px; z-index: 1;">
</div>
<div class="phs auxlabel" style="height: 22px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; visibility: hidden;">
<span class="fwb fcg" style="color: grey; font-weight: bold; position: relative; top: 4px;"></span></div>
</div>
</td><td class="pollResultsFacepile" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><div class="_43qm _43q9" id="u_0_1g">
<ul class="uiList _4cg3 _509- _4ki" style="list-style-type: none; margin: -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
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<span class="fwb" style="font-weight: bold;">Bupivacaine</span></div>
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<tr class="pollRow_606059089423321" id="u_0_15"><td class="pollRadioBtn" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><input class="mts" id="u_0_14" name="option_id" style="margin-top: 5px;" type="radio" value="606059089423321" /></td><td class="pollResultsBar" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><div class="fbQuestionsPollResultsBar" style="background-color: white; border-color: rgb(164, 164, 164) rgb(187, 187, 187) rgb(213, 213, 213); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 3px 5px 6px; position: relative; zoom: 1;" title="Lidocaine">
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FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-17321589874402052832013-04-27T08:03:00.002-07:002013-04-27T08:03:22.330-07:00FPGEE® True/False<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">FPGEE® True/False in FPGEETutor.com</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">True/False questions present a statement, and alert the test taker to choose whether the statement is truthful. Test takers typically have a great deal of experience with this type of questions. The optimum testing ability is gained mostly by distinguishing the nature of statement made is either true or false. </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">True/False section in Fpgeetutor.com is designed to evaluate the test takers ability to demonstrate understanding or simple logic. True-False questions are well suited for testing student recall or comprehension. Test takers can generally respond to many questions, covering a lot of content, in a fairly short amount of time.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<a href="http://www.fpgeetutor.com/FPGEETrueFalse/"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Visit for </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">FPGEE® True/False</span></a></div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-38407587965085452262013-04-27T08:02:00.002-07:002013-04-27T08:02:17.602-07:00FPGEE® Pharma Calculations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">FPGEE® Pharma Calculations in FPGEETutor.com</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Hospital/Clinical pharmacists has to perform simple/complex calculations as part of their professional practice in many instances. These include measurement of doses, dosage calculation, renal clearance, gas mixtures, buffering and acid–base balance and performing calculations related to drug dispensing. Pharmaceutical and clinical calculations are cr</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">itical to the delivery of safe, effective, and competent patient care and pharmacy practice. Numerical problems are provided and answers, with working, are given in this section.<br /><br />This module of questions in Fpgeetutor.com is intended to allow the student ample opportunity to practice what they have learnt. It is navigation key to the quantitative ability and thinking in pharmaceutical sciences for students and professionals.</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.fpgeetutor.com/FPGEEPharmaCalculations/"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Visit for </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">FPGEE® Pharma Calculations</span></a></div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-51423784044602310862013-04-27T08:01:00.003-07:002013-04-27T08:01:27.066-07:00FPGEE® Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">FPGEE® Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) in FPGEETutor.com</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">The MCQs are frequently used to test knowledge and understanding objectively at the pharmacy licensing exams. They can be impressible as self assessment exercises and are particularly useful for revision purposes.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">The testing module of MCQ section in Fpgeetutor.com is targeted towards the needs of test takers appearing for pharmacy licens</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">e examinations. The description in the presentation of multiple choice questions (MCQs) that covers the drug and disease information and its application. The questions also test that the test taker has a command of the basic clinical and pharmaceutical knowledge to be able to carry out the services in professional way. Questions addressing pharmaceutical calculations, formulations, medicinal chemistry and pathology are included.<br /><br />The information covered in the questions is comprehensive and very relevant to pharmacy practice and to solve the typical FPGEE® questions. It will be a very useful testing module for both for pharmacy preregistration examination test takers and for practicing pharmacists.</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<a href="http://www.fpgeetutor.com/FPGEEMultipleChoice/"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Visit for </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">FPGEE® Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</span></a></div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-69191640350761822012013-04-27T08:00:00.003-07:002013-04-27T08:00:34.461-07:00FPGEE® Matchings<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">FPGEE® Matchings in FPGEETutor.com</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Matching questions involve paired lists that require test takers to correctly identify, or “match,” the relationship between the items. Matching & Extended matching questions, along with other objective quiz are now ubiquitous in pharmacy licensing examinations. They provide a rapid method for testing a wide range of knowledge and marking is objective.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Matchi</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">ng questions consist of "answers" with a pull down menu of choices which must be matched against the answer. The answer can be text or pictures/equations which must be correctly matched against a text list. The list of items in a right side column in matching question is not shuffled but shown in the same order as entered. The components in left column are shuffled as per the appropriate choice. The ease of attempting the matching is achieved only through practice. To facilitate this we have framed a blend of match the following questions in our practice study material.</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<a href="http://www.fpgeetutor.com/FPGEEMatching/"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Visit for </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">FPGEE® Matchings</span></a></div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-65751042739097189832013-04-27T07:59:00.004-07:002013-04-27T07:59:44.652-07:00FPGEE® Study Tables<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">FPGEE® Study Tables</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">We have retained the short tables of relevant physiological/ clinical and biochemical information for subsequent preparation in FPGEE®. The short sets of key points are placed in tabular form in this section. These are intended to highlight the clinical/biochemical information that we consider important. Factual knowledge in pharmaceutical sciences is so extensive and expanding so rapidly that test takers can easily find the information and key points in these study tables. We have put more emphasis on topics which are most important in FPGEE®, so that it makes easier for test takers to gets to grips with the essentials of the subject.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><a href="http://www.fpgeetutor.com/FPGEEStudyTable/">Visit for FPGEE® Study Tables</a></span></div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-75057807234866387402013-04-27T07:57:00.006-07:002013-04-27T07:57:54.514-07:00FPGEE® Case Studies<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">FPGEE® Case Studies</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Case studies present the students with real-life examples of clinical scenarios and require them to apply their knowledge to solve the problem. The idea of including these case studies in Fpgeetutor.com was to meet the needs and challenges of a modern pharmacy undergraduate curriculum which integrates science and practice at community and hospital pharmacy.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br />The concept behind the design of these case studies for Fpgeetutor.com is to help students integrate the knowledge gained during their undergraduate and pre-registration study. By integrating the biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences with pharmacotherapeutics, case studies can help students appreciate the relevance and importance of a sound scientific foundation in preparation for practice. By using these realistic cases, students can begin to develop the skills and self-confidence that will be necessary to solve the typical case study questions in FPGEE®.</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<a href="http://www.fpgeetutor.com/FPGEECaseStudy/"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Visit for </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">FPGEE® Case Studies</span></a></div>
FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-45688493377629842842013-04-27T07:56:00.001-07:002013-04-27T07:56:17.109-07:00FPGEE Flashcards<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">FPGEE® Flashcards </span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">One of the most critical questions of pharmacy license exams, are focused on fundamentals and basics of pharmaceutical sciences. These tests typically require a test taker to demonstrate that they have proficiency in all areas related to the pharmacy profession. Research proved that exam preparation by using the flashcards is one of the most effective ways for</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> a test taker. Flashcard study modules are ideally best suited to provide adequate preparation and assure the test taker on the day of exam.<br /><br />Fpgeetutor.com Flashcard preparation module deals the repetitive methods of study to understand and solve typical test questions on the FPGEE®. Study after study has proved that repetition is the most effective form of testing preparation, and flashcards will do the job when it comes to quick learning. Our flashcards enable test takers in quick and effective preparation for FPGEE®.</span><br />
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FPGEETutor.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05710382569286215944noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806770731115023159.post-64601406178413621042013-04-27T07:54:00.001-07:002013-04-27T07:54:19.337-07:00FPGEE Practice Tests<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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